Vold spiller en enorm rolle i politisk og historiske fenomener og samtidig er det en alminnelig motvilje til å behandle vold som et eget fenonem. Mange vil hevde at vold er knyttet til makt og fremtrer som et uttrykksform for makten. Max Weber har blant annet staten som et "herredømme over mennesker basert på legitim vold - dvs vold som foregir å være legitim".
Makt er vår evne til å gjennomføre konsekvensrike avgjørelser, ikke bare som enkeltindivider, men også som gruppe. Makt eksisterer i en gruppe bare så lenge gruppen holder sammen. Enkeltpersoner sitter med makt fordi de handler med fullmakt fra en gruppe mennesker og handler i deres navn. Vi skiller i vår tid ofte ikke mellom makt og en rekke andre nøkkelbegreper som styrke, kraft, autoritet og vold. Dette fører ofte til en rekke misforståelser, hvorav enkelte kan være direkte farlige.
Styrke brukes om en mektig eller maktfull personlighet som viser stor individuell uavhengighet. Kraft bør forbeholdes naturkrefter eller omstendigheter og som man ikke har herredømme over. Autoritet preges av respekt for en person eller embete. Det er en uforbeholden anerkjennelse fra de undergivenes side, uten at tvang er nødvendig. Vold skiller seg ut ved sitt instrumentelle karakter. Vold ligner på styrke siden voldens redskaper er laget med sikte på en mangedobling av en naturlige styrke. Et klart skille mellom makt og vold er at makten alltid har behov for et større antall mennesker som støtte, mens volden langt på vei kan klare seg uten tallrik støtte, fordi den betjener seg mer av redskaper enn mennesker. Den ekstreme form for makt er alle mot en, mens den ekstreme form for vold er en mot alle.
Praktisk filosofi handler om å skape en bevissthet om hva som kjennetegner mennesket, nemlig å foreta valg og ta ansvar for det Gode. Practical Philosophy is about creating an awareness about what signifies human beings: making choices and taking responsibility for that which is Good.
Saturday, May 21, 2011
Friday, May 20, 2011
Violence as a political project (2)
In the postwar years, Norway has had a prosperity unprecedented in history. Along with this development, lifestyle diseases has increased in almost the same pace. Such diseases include, among other things cardiovascular disease, cancer and accidents. What did the authorities about this? There were made political moves which led to a regulation of our way of living through a series of new laws and campaigns. Our lifestyle seems again to have changed, but this time for the better. But even if we now drive our car with seat belts on and we are smoking less than before, there is still a long way to go.
Today we see new dark clouds on the horizon. Lifestyle diseases have been replaced with social diseases. These seem to evolve in the same speed as lifestyle diseases did in the postwar years. Examples of such "diseases" are increasing suicide rates, homicide, and violence. In average, we expect that there are on an average 50 murders in Norway every year, yet Norway is regarded as one of the most peaceful country in the world. In comparison, there are about 25,000 murders in the U.S. each year. One could almost say that the US seems to be at war with itself. Other worrisome conditions in Norway is the fact that 20,000 children are exposed to abuse or neglect each year and 15-20% of all children in Norway live in families with alcohol problems and we see a large increase in the number of injuries due to violence. Common to these examples is that the causes, in my opinion, are be found in our society and can not alone be explained by Freud's theories of intrapsychological processes.
My contention is that much of the reason lies in a serious frustration in modern society which is related to a lack of the ability to take action. What makes us political beings is our ability to act. No other ability, apart from language, separates us from the animal kingdom. The paralysis that affects us today can be shown, in my opinion, through the fact that the power we have over our lives is slipping out of our hands and replaced with violence. A person (or society) who has the power to act does not need to use violence. A person (or society) who uses violence is often characterized by being in a powerless situation.
Today we see new dark clouds on the horizon. Lifestyle diseases have been replaced with social diseases. These seem to evolve in the same speed as lifestyle diseases did in the postwar years. Examples of such "diseases" are increasing suicide rates, homicide, and violence. In average, we expect that there are on an average 50 murders in Norway every year, yet Norway is regarded as one of the most peaceful country in the world. In comparison, there are about 25,000 murders in the U.S. each year. One could almost say that the US seems to be at war with itself. Other worrisome conditions in Norway is the fact that 20,000 children are exposed to abuse or neglect each year and 15-20% of all children in Norway live in families with alcohol problems and we see a large increase in the number of injuries due to violence. Common to these examples is that the causes, in my opinion, are be found in our society and can not alone be explained by Freud's theories of intrapsychological processes.
My contention is that much of the reason lies in a serious frustration in modern society which is related to a lack of the ability to take action. What makes us political beings is our ability to act. No other ability, apart from language, separates us from the animal kingdom. The paralysis that affects us today can be shown, in my opinion, through the fact that the power we have over our lives is slipping out of our hands and replaced with violence. A person (or society) who has the power to act does not need to use violence. A person (or society) who uses violence is often characterized by being in a powerless situation.
Vold som politisk prosjekt (2)
I etterkrigsårene har Norge hatt en velstandsøkning som savner sidestykke i historien. Sammen med denne utviklingen har livsstilsykdommer økt i nærmest samme tempo. Slike sykdommer inkluderer bl.a. hjerte- og karlidelser, kreft og ulykker. Hva gjorde myndighetene med dette? Jo, det ble foretatt et politisk grep som førte til en regulering av vår væremåte gjennom en rekke nye lover og holdningsskapende kampanjer. Vår livsstil ser igjen ut til å ha endret seg, men denne gangen til det bedre. Men selv om vi kjører bil med bilbelte og vi røker mindre enn før, er det fortsatt en lang vei å gå.
I dag ser vi nye mørke skyer i horisonten. livsstilssykdommer er blitt erstattet med samfunnssykdommer. Disser er iferd med å utvikle seg i like stor fart som livsstilsykdommene gjorde det i etterkrigsårene. Eksempler på slike "sykdommer" er økt selvmord, drap, og vold. I gjennomsnittet regner vi med at det skjer i gjennomsnitt 50 drap i Norge hvert år, og likevel regnes Norge som et av verdens fredeligste land i verden. Til sammenligning skjer det omkring 25000 drap i USA hvert år. Andre bekymringsfulle tilstander i Norge er det faktum at 20000 barn utsette for mishandling eller omsorgssvikt hvert år og hele 15-20% av barna i Norge lever i familier med alkoholproblemer og vi ser en stor økning i antall skader pga grov vold. Felles for slike eksempler er at årsakene er å finne i vår samfunnsutvikling og kan ikke alene forklares med Freuds individualistiske teorier om intrapsyiske prosesser.
Min påstand er at mye av årsaken ligger i en alvorlig frustrasjon i vårt moderne samfunn som knyttes til en manglende handlingsevne. Det som gjør oss til politiske samfunnsborgere er vår evne til å handle. Ingen annen evne, bortsett fra språket, skiller oss fra dyreriket. Handlingslammelsen som preger oss idag, fører etter min mening til at den makten vi skal ha over livene våre glipper ut av hendene vår og erstattes med bl.a. vold. En person (eller et samfunn) som har makt trenger ikke å bruke vold. En person (eller et samfunn) som bruker vold er ofte i en avmaktssituasjon.
I dag ser vi nye mørke skyer i horisonten. livsstilssykdommer er blitt erstattet med samfunnssykdommer. Disser er iferd med å utvikle seg i like stor fart som livsstilsykdommene gjorde det i etterkrigsårene. Eksempler på slike "sykdommer" er økt selvmord, drap, og vold. I gjennomsnittet regner vi med at det skjer i gjennomsnitt 50 drap i Norge hvert år, og likevel regnes Norge som et av verdens fredeligste land i verden. Til sammenligning skjer det omkring 25000 drap i USA hvert år. Andre bekymringsfulle tilstander i Norge er det faktum at 20000 barn utsette for mishandling eller omsorgssvikt hvert år og hele 15-20% av barna i Norge lever i familier med alkoholproblemer og vi ser en stor økning i antall skader pga grov vold. Felles for slike eksempler er at årsakene er å finne i vår samfunnsutvikling og kan ikke alene forklares med Freuds individualistiske teorier om intrapsyiske prosesser.
Min påstand er at mye av årsaken ligger i en alvorlig frustrasjon i vårt moderne samfunn som knyttes til en manglende handlingsevne. Det som gjør oss til politiske samfunnsborgere er vår evne til å handle. Ingen annen evne, bortsett fra språket, skiller oss fra dyreriket. Handlingslammelsen som preger oss idag, fører etter min mening til at den makten vi skal ha over livene våre glipper ut av hendene vår og erstattes med bl.a. vold. En person (eller et samfunn) som har makt trenger ikke å bruke vold. En person (eller et samfunn) som bruker vold er ofte i en avmaktssituasjon.
Thursday, May 19, 2011
Violence as a political project (1)
The frame for my toughts here is the doctoral thesis of John Lundstøl called The authoritative man and the book Violence in our time of Hannah Arendt. My purpose is to politicize the violence that is increasingly prevalent in our society and try to inspire political action against violence. I have also taken advantage of the book Human Destructiveness by Anthony Storr and Violent images in everyday life by Kristin Skjørten.
In 1996, there were a number of cinemas in Norway that would not set up David Cronenbergs film Crash because of the film's violent nature. The film is about traffic death that allegedly provides a sexual arousal. According to several newspaper reports on this time, film critics meant the film was really deeply critical of society and portrays the "death of reason" and the "chaotic postmodernity". The film and the debate surrounding it seems shows that violent depictions of this type of entertainment is nihilism in its hoteste fashion. Even though the film Crash was described by many cinema managers as too poor quality wise to be set up at the cinema, it was claimed by many that the film had to be set up. As it became. Some argue that the film is a groundbreaking critique of modern society where the car has become the unifying icon, others are afraid that the movie is disruptive to our social norms. The film caused much debate and made it difficult for politicians and movie officials to choose between the demands for freedom of expression and cultural littering.
We live in an era of violence. The last 150 years has been called the war and revolution era. It has been estimated that between 1820 and 1945 around 59 million people have been killed because of war, murder, or other lethal activities. During World War 2 about 5000 died people every day in Auschwitz. A systematic extermination of people for only 50 years ago. At least 5 million Jews were exterminated by the Nazis in 30 concentration camps during the war. Most of those who were employed in these camps were ordinary citizens. Historically, we can claim that it is only our imagination which prevents us from understanding the extent of man's violent actions. Violence has haunted us from generation to generation.
In 1996, there were a number of cinemas in Norway that would not set up David Cronenbergs film Crash because of the film's violent nature. The film is about traffic death that allegedly provides a sexual arousal. According to several newspaper reports on this time, film critics meant the film was really deeply critical of society and portrays the "death of reason" and the "chaotic postmodernity". The film and the debate surrounding it seems shows that violent depictions of this type of entertainment is nihilism in its hoteste fashion. Even though the film Crash was described by many cinema managers as too poor quality wise to be set up at the cinema, it was claimed by many that the film had to be set up. As it became. Some argue that the film is a groundbreaking critique of modern society where the car has become the unifying icon, others are afraid that the movie is disruptive to our social norms. The film caused much debate and made it difficult for politicians and movie officials to choose between the demands for freedom of expression and cultural littering.
We live in an era of violence. The last 150 years has been called the war and revolution era. It has been estimated that between 1820 and 1945 around 59 million people have been killed because of war, murder, or other lethal activities. During World War 2 about 5000 died people every day in Auschwitz. A systematic extermination of people for only 50 years ago. At least 5 million Jews were exterminated by the Nazis in 30 concentration camps during the war. Most of those who were employed in these camps were ordinary citizens. Historically, we can claim that it is only our imagination which prevents us from understanding the extent of man's violent actions. Violence has haunted us from generation to generation.
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