The Naked Truth
On Naked Mole-Rats, Kings, and the Art of Living Together
There is a queen beneath the ground.
She wears no crown. She gives no speeches. She has no government, no opposition, and no opinion polls. She is almost hairless, has enormous front teeth, and spends her life in dark tunnel systems beneath the soil of East Africa.
She is the queen of the naked mole-rat, Heterocephalus glaber.
And she rules over one of the strangest societies known among mammals.
A research article published in Nature in the summer of 2026 offers a remarkable glimpse into how this order is maintained. Naked mole-rats are eusocial, a form of social organization we primarily associate with bees, ants, and termites. Several generations live together, they cooperate in caring for the young, and reproduction is extremely unevenly distributed. In a colony, there is normally only one female who reproduces: the queen.
That in itself is extraordinary.
Because the naked mole-rat is a mammal.
The Queen’s Scent
For decades, researchers have known that the presence of the queen helps keep the other females reproductively suppressed. But exactly how this happens has remained unclear.
The researchers behind the Nature study analysed chemical samples from naked mole-rats and identified one substance that stood out: isopropyl myristate, IPM. It occurs at particularly high concentrations in the queen, including in vaginal, anal, and salivary secretions, and its level varies with her reproductive state.
The other naked mole-rats detect the substance through their sense of smell. Exposure affects, among other things, prolactin and progesterone in non-reproductive females, thereby helping to suppress reproduction.
Then the researchers carried out a particularly interesting experiment.
They removed the queen.
Normally, this leads to competition. Females begin fighting over who will take her place. But when the researchers continued to administer IPM in a queenless colony, they were able to prevent a new queen from becoming established. When the substance was subsequently withdrawn, aggression and reproductive competition increased.
In a sense, the queen could therefore be absent and still continue to rule.
It was enough that it smelled as though she were there.
Eu
Biologists call the naked mole-rat eusocial.
I found myself lingering over that little prefix: eu.
It comes from Greek and means good or well. We encounter it in words such as euphoria, euphony, and euthanasia. In biology, eusocial of course has a precise meaning. It does not imply that the colony is morally good. It refers to a particular form of organization involving cooperative care of offspring, overlapping generations, and a pronounced reproductive division of labour.
Still, it is difficult for a philosopher to leave the word entirely alone.
I am aware that I am now stretching the biologists’ concept further than they themselves would.
For what does it mean to live well together?
The naked mole-rat has found one solution.
The individual is subordinated to the colony. Tasks are divided. Some find food. Others maintain the tunnel systems. The colony is defended, the young are cared for, and reproduction is left primarily to a single female.
The system works.
That is difficult to deny.
But a system can work extremely well without being something we humans would call good.
The Philosopher-King
Plato knew the problem.
In The Republic, he has Socrates argue that the good society should be governed by those who possess knowledge of the good. Philosophers should become kings, or kings should become philosophers.
Behind this idea lies a question that remains uncomfortably relevant:
Why should the opinion of the majority be better than the knowledge of the wisest?
We do not ask the passengers to vote on how an aircraft should be landed. We leave that to the person who knows how to fly it. Why should governing a state be different?
Plato’s criticism of democracy is therefore not simply contempt for the people. It is epistemological. Politics requires knowledge, judgement, and education, while democracy offers no guarantee that the most knowledgeable person will gain power. On the contrary, the person most skilled at persuasion may defeat the person who actually knows.
Here, the naked mole-rat queen comes dangerously close to the philosopher-king.
She does not ask the colony what it thinks. She holds no elections. She rules through a mechanism that actually works.
But Plato immediately encounters a problem that the naked mole-rat does not.
How do we know who truly knows the good?
The person who claims to be a philosopher-king may be mistaken.
Worse still: he may know that he is mistaken and still desire power.
Plato’s epistemological problem therefore also becomes a problem of power. Even if we could agree that the wisest ought to rule, we would still have to decide who the wisest is. And whoever is given the authority to make that decision has already acquired a considerable share of power.
For the naked mole-rat, the problem is solved biologically.
For human beings, it cannot be solved without politics.
The Emperor’s New Clothes
Here another ruler enters the story.
He, too, is naked.
In Hans Christian Andersen’s tale, the emperor is surrounded by people who see one thing but say another. Everyone can see that he is wearing no clothes. Yet the collective illusion is maintained because no one wants to be the first to break it.
Until the child says what is obvious.
The emperor has nothing on.
It is almost the opposite of the naked mole-rat society.
Among naked mole-rats, the community functions because the individuals respond to the same signals.
In Andersen’s story, the community fails because the individuals respond to the same signals.
They watch one another. They register what the others are saying. They conform. The social order is maintained.
And it is completely wrong.
Human society therefore needs something that the naked mole-rat colony does not need in quite the same way:
The person who objects.
The one who does not follow the scent.
The one who asks whether the queen really ought to be queen.
The one who says that the emperor is naked.
Different Eyes
Here I think Hannah Arendt brings us closer to the problem than the idea of the human being merely as a social animal.
For Arendt, plurality is a fundamental condition of political life. Human beings are similar enough to understand one another, yet different enough that none of us sees the world from exactly the same place.
A society therefore consists not simply of many individuals.
It consists of many perspectives on a common world.
If everyone saw the same thing, thought the same thing, and responded to the same signal, much would become easier. Perhaps more efficient as well.
But something essential would disappear.
Politics arises precisely because we do not see the world from the same place. We must speak, listen, persuade, protest, and try to understand what the other person sees.
And sometimes one person sees what all the others can see as well, but do not dare to say.
A child can look at the emperor.
And tell the truth.
Perhaps, then, the difference between the naked mole-rat colony and the human political community lies not primarily in the degree of cooperation.
It lies in plurality.
We live together with people who are not us.
That is both the problem of society and its possibility.
Living Well Together
The naked mole-rat reminds us of something we can easily forget.
No one lives alone.
We are born dependent on other human beings. The language in which we think was given to us by others. The food we eat, the houses in which we live, the knowledge we use, and the care we receive are all the result of other people’s work.
In this respect, the naked mole-rat is a useful corrective to the idea of the completely independent individual.
But at the same time, it reminds us of the opposite.
A community can become so well ordered that there is no longer room for the individual.
The good human society therefore cannot mean maximum coordination. We cannot simply transfer the biologists’ concept of eusociality to human politics. But we can allow the word to pose a question.
What does it mean for human beings to live well together?
It must mean something other than everyone moving in the same direction.
We must belong together without becoming the same.
We must cooperate without surrendering the right to protest.
We must depend on one another without allowing dependence to become submission.
Through evolution, the naked mole-rat has arrived at an astonishingly effective way of organizing a mammalian society. The queen’s chemical signal helps regulate reproduction and stabilize the colony.
Human beings have been given a more difficult problem.
We must create order among beings who can say no.
And perhaps that is precisely what makes human social life so unstable, exhausting, and valuable.
We need one another.
But a good society also needs the person who refuses to conform.
Sometimes, what it needs most of all is the child who looks at the naked emperor and says what everyone else can already see.
References
Arendt, H. (1958). The human condition. University of Chicago Press.
Khallaf, M. A., et al. (2026). A queen odour mediates reproductive suppression in a eusocial mammal. Nature, 656, 390–398. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10772-5
Plato. The Republic.
Andersen, H. C. (1837). The Emperor’s New Clothes.
We must belong together without becoming the same.
We must cooperate without surrendering the right to protest.
We must depend on one another without allowing dependence to become submission.
This essay was written in a conversation with OpenAI/ChtGPT