When the Body Knows the Way
What Husserl and Merleau-Ponty can teach us about helping people in their own homes
The woman sits at the kitchen table, waiting for the coffee to finish brewing. She has lived in the house for more than forty years. Her hand finds the teaspoon drawer without her having to look. She knows how far to pull back the chair before standing up, and where to find support on her way to the kitchen counter.
The home care worker sees a narrow passage, an unsteady chair, and cups stored high in a cupboard. There is plenty here that could be arranged better. But good care should begin with understanding how another person already lives and finds their way around the room.
Edmund Husserl and Maurice Merleau-Ponty can help us develop this understanding. Husserl draws our attention to the lifeworld from which scientific descriptions arise. Merleau-Ponty shows how our familiarity with the world lives in our bodily movements and habits. At the kitchen table, these insights matter for something as ordinary as where the cups should stand.
In The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology, often called The Crisis, Husserl examines how the abstract descriptions of science can lead us to lose sight of their grounding in the experienced world. The problem arises when these descriptions are taken to constitute the whole of reality. The lifeworld is the world already given in experience, which measurements and theories themselves presuppose.
Applied to the kitchen, this means that an assessment form can never provide a complete description of a home. A home assessment tells us how wide the passage is, how high the cupboard hangs, and how well the lamp illuminates the room. This information is useful. Yet it tells us little about how the woman moves between the table and the counter, or what being able to make her own morning coffee means to her.
If we allow the assessment form to stand as the whole description, we risk improving the dwelling without understanding the everyday life it must accommodate.
The woman and the care worker inhabit a shared world, but approach the kitchen with different experiences, tasks, and expectations. For the care worker, breakfast forms part of a working day with many visits. For the woman, it belongs to her life at home. They see the same coffee pot, but do not necessarily notice the same things about it.
Merleau-Ponty brings us closer to this difference. In Phenomenology of Perception, particularly Part One, Chapter Three, he explores the body schema, movement, and habit. Here, the body schema refers to the body’s practical orientation: how it coordinates its movements in relation to its surroundings and the tasks that occupy us.
The woman does not first have to calculate the distance to the drawer and then decide how to move her arm. She reaches for the teaspoon. Her hand finds its way while her attention is directed towards breakfast.
Merleau-Ponty’s expression “I can” points to this bodily directedness, which he calls motor intentionality. The world presents itself to us as possibilities for action before we explicitly reflect on them. Habit is an acquired bodily knowledge that makes such actions familiar.
At the kitchen table, these concepts become visible in small movements. The woman pulls the chair back far enough, lets her hand slide along the edge of the table, and turns towards the counter. What looks like a cumbersome procedure from the outside has a coherence of its own.
Then the care worker moves the cups.
She means well. They are easier to reach in the lower cupboard. The next morning, however, the woman’s hand still goes towards the old place. She pauses and searches. An action that once came naturally now requires conscious thought.
New arrangements can become good habits. But they have to be learned, and change therefore carries a cost that is not captured by the shorter distance to the cup. If we move several things at once, we may turn a familiar morning into a series of small problems.
Here, phenomenology offers more than an appeal to be kind and listen. It draws our attention to an understanding already at work before it is expressed in words.
If we ask the woman why the cups stand in that particular place, she may answer: “They’ve always been there.” This does not necessarily sound like a good reason. Yet her answer may contain a familiarity she cannot readily explain. She has never needed to put into words the relationship between the cupboard door, the movement of her hand, and the place where she sets down her cup.
This is why asking is not always enough. We must also give her the opportunity to show us how she does things, and pay close attention. This does not mean that observing her gives us access to some hidden truth. Her movements must be understood together with her, and our first interpretations may be wrong.
“I notice you support yourself here when you turn. How does that work for you?”
Such a question grows out of something the care worker has actually noticed. It opens a conversation about everyday life as it unfolds.
But the care worker, too, has a body and an everyday life. She feels the phone vibrating in her pocket. The previous visit took longer than planned, and the next person is already waiting. As the woman slowly rises, she feels her own anxiety increasing. She wants to give her time, but is also afraid that she might fall.
It is too easy to cast her as the person who repeatedly gets things wrong. Her responsibilities pull her in several directions. She must respect the woman’s wishes, prevent injury, and reach others who also need help.
Philosophy does not remove this conflict. It brings what is at stake into sharper focus.
An unsteady chair may need replacing. A movement that has worked for years may have become dangerous because the woman’s balance has deteriorated. Familiarity is no guarantee of safety. At the same time, we must examine what support the chair actually provides before replacing it with something that looks better on an assessment form.
Perhaps the woman needs a steadier chair with armrests. Perhaps the coffee pot should stand closer to the cup. The best solution must emerge from bringing professional knowledge together with her way of using the kitchen.
Time pressure makes this more difficult. Yet a hasty rearrangement may also create a greater need for help later. Time spent understanding everyday life is therefore part of care itself. When that time is consistently unavailable, we must also examine how the service is organised. Responsibility cannot rest on the individual care worker’s patience alone.
The body also changes, and with it our relationship to home. The cupboard the woman has always been able to reach becomes difficult to access when her shoulder hurts. The familiar pot becomes heavy. She still knows how to make coffee, but the action now demands an effort it once required none of.
This affects more than breakfast. It may shake her confidence in managing an everyday life that has long been her own. Good care makes room for finding new ways of doing familiar things.
But she must also be allowed to let someone else take over. Independence becomes an unreasonable ideal if the woman has to prove every morning that she can still manage. She should be able to say, “Could you pour the coffee for me today?” without this being regarded as a defeat.
The task is to understand what she wants to do, what she needs support with, and what she wishes to leave to others. Some of this she tells us. Some becomes apparent as they prepare breakfast together.
Husserl’s concept of the lifeworld reminds us that an assessment of the kitchen is grounded in a life being lived. Merleau-Ponty gives us concepts for the bodily familiarity that holds much of that life together. When we help, we intervene in both.
The woman reaches for the coffee pot. The care worker feels the impulse to take it, but pauses for a moment. She watches as the woman brings the cup closer and rests the pot against the table before pouring.
“That’s how I usually do it,” the woman says.
The care worker sits down at the kitchen table. She has noticed something the home assessment could never have told her.
“That’s how I usually do it,” the woman says.



