When Ethics Becomes a Verb
Hannah Arendt on Action, Freedom, and Indifference
I am sitting at home in Sandefjord, thinking about Hannah Arendt. There is something about her understanding of action that keeps returning to me. She does not regard action primarily as a means of achieving a particular result. Action has a value of its own because, through it, the human being appears in the world as a free and responsible person.
This places her in a certain tension with Kant. For Kant, the question “What ought I to do?” is largely a question of moral justification: Am I acting from duty? Can the principle of my action be made into a universal law? Arendt is concerned with something else, although she does not reject the importance of morality. She asks what it means to enter the world, begin something new, and act together with others.
An action is therefore more than a movement or the execution of an order. It presupposes freedom. Where freedom disappears, action also disappears in Arendt’s proper sense of the word. What remains may be obedience, administration, routine, or technical implementation.
In this sense, action is closer to a verb than to a noun. It exists only as it is performed, by someone. It cannot be delegated to a system.
This explains Arendt’s critical view of bureaucracy. An administrative system may be efficient. It may process cases, follow regulations, and distribute tasks. But the system does not act. No one necessarily steps forward and says: I did this. I take responsibility for it.
Responsibility may instead dissolve among offices, forms, instructions, and levels of organisation. What happens is presented as a necessary consequence of the system. This is precisely why bureaucracy can become dangerous. Not primarily because the people working within it intend evil, but because they cease to understand themselves as acting and responsible persons.
Politics is in danger of suffering the same fate. When politics is reduced to administration, budgets, procedures, and management, it loses something of its essential meaning. For Arendt, politics arises when different people meet, speak together, and attempt to create a common world. Politics is not merely the administration of what already exists. It contains the possibility of making a new beginning.
Here Arendt meets Kierkegaard.
Kierkegaard did not develop a political philosophy in the usual sense, but he wrote radically about the responsibility of the individual. No one else can take over my choice. I may hide in the crowd, behind custom, or behind what “one” normally does, but I do not thereby escape responsibility for my own life.
For Kierkegaard, truth is not merely something one knows. It must be appropriated and realised. Truth becomes true for the human being when it gains significance for the way one lives. The decisive question is therefore not only what I believe to be true, but what I do with what I have understood.
Arendt and Kierkegaard are far apart in many respects. Kierkegaard turns towards the personal and existential responsibility of the individual. Arendt directs her attention towards speech and action in the public realm. Yet they meet in their resistance to the impersonal. Both reject the idea that human beings can step aside and surrender responsibility to the system, history, the crowd, or necessity.
Heidegger’s philosophy also lies in the background. He describes how, in everyday life, the human being may disappear into das Man: I do what “one” does, believe what “one” believes, and choose what has already been chosen by others.
This resembles the anonymity Arendt finds in bureaucracy. Both Heidegger and Arendt point to a condition in which the human being evades his or her own presence in the world. But they do so in different ways. Heidegger examines this as a fundamental temptation within human existence. Arendt examines how responsibility can disappear within the public realm between people.
Human beings reveal who they are through what they say and do. When I act, I appear in a way that cannot be fully planned or controlled. The action becomes part of a story that others will also continue to tell.
Action is therefore risky. We never know all the consequences of what we do. Our actions may be understood differently from what we intended. They may lead to something other than what we hoped for.
Yet this unpredictability does not release us from responsibility. On the contrary, it is part of the seriousness of action.
The opposite of responsible action is therefore not only evil action. It may also be indifference. Indifference says that it does not matter what I choose, or whether I choose at all. It makes all possibilities appear equal in principle and reduces choice to an expression of individual freedom.
But freedom is not the same as arbitrariness. Indifference presents itself as freedom, but may in reality be an escape from it—an attempt not to choose, even though this too is a choice.
In Sartre, we find the idea that the human being is always choosing. Even when we attempt to avoid choosing, we have made a choice. This is an important insight. Yet it is not enough simply to state that human beings are free. What also matters is what we choose, why we choose it, and what responsibility we accept for the consequences.
Not all choices are equally good. Not all actions are morally equivalent.
Sartre tells the story of a young man who must choose between remaining with his sick mother and joining the struggle against the German occupation. He is not merely confronting an abstract expression of freedom. He is facing real people, obligations, and consequences. The choice cannot be resolved by a simple rule, but that does not mean that the outcome is a matter of indifference.
The human being must reflect, judge, and attempt to do what is right. No philosophy can fully make this judgement on our behalf. But freedom alone cannot tell us what we ought to do either.
Here ethics becomes action.
Ethics is not an object we can possess. Nor is it merely a system of concepts and rules. Perhaps we may say that ethics is the verb of the sentence rather than its noun. Ethics exists in what we do: when we answer the other person, when we intervene, when we refrain from causing harm, and when we refuse to hide behind the system.
This does not mean that every action is good simply because it is free. Arendt cannot be read as though freedom abolishes the distinction between good and evil. Rather, she shows that morality without action risks becoming powerless, while action without moral reflection may become blind.
The question of practical philosophy arises precisely in the tension between these two:
How can I act freely while also taking responsibility for the world my action helps to create?
The question “What ought I to do?” therefore cannot be answered by a rule alone. It must be answered through a life. Not once and for all, but anew in every situation in which a human being must step forward, choose, and accept responsibility.
Perhaps this is what Arendt reminds us of: The human being does not become visible as an ethical being through what he or she claims to believe, but through what he or she actually does.
At a time when ever more areas of life—work, care, and even conversation between human beings—are organised by systems that promise to relieve us of the burden of choice, this is a necessary reminder:
No structure, however efficient, can act in my place.
The question of practical philosophy arises precisely in the tension between these two:
How can I act freely while also taking responsibility for the world my action helps to create?