What Returns Is Never the Same
Repetition in Søren Kierkegaard and Jon Fosse
We often say that something repeats itself when it happens again. One day repeats the day before. We walk the same road, meet the same people, perform the same actions. But already a problem arises: Is it really the same thing that returns?
For both Søren Kierkegaard and Jon Fosse, repetition is far more than recurrence. It is not a copy of what has already been. What returns, returns altered. And the person who encounters it again is no longer quite the same either.
This makes repetition more than a literary device or a philosophical concept. It becomes a way of understanding human life.
Recollection and repetition
Kierkegaard’s Repetition from 1843 begins almost playfully. Constantin Constantius sets out to investigate whether repetition is truly possible. He returns to Berlin in an attempt to relive an earlier journey. He visits the same places and tries to recreate the same situations.
It fails.
The restaurant is not the same. The experience of the theatre cannot be recreated. The atmosphere has changed. Constantin himself has changed.
It could have been a trivial experience. We all know it. We return to a childhood home, a street, a school, or a place where we once were happy. Everything may look more or less as it did before, yet something is missing. Or perhaps something has been added.
It is not primarily the place that has changed.
It is we who have changed.
For Kierkegaard, repetition therefore becomes something other than recollection. Recollection turns backward. It tries to recover what once was. Repetition, by contrast, turns forward.
The paradox is that it moves forward by returning.
We encounter again something we already know, but we encounter it from a new place in life.
Life can therefore never be repeated as a copy.
But it can be repeated as movement.
“And I see myself standing and looking”
In Jon Fosse we find a related movement, but not primarily as philosophical argument. In Fosse, repetition happens within language itself.
Anyone who reads Septology notices this immediately.
Words return. Sentences return. Images return. Characters mirror one another. Events are retold. Prayers recur. Thoughts circle around the same experiences.
“And I see myself standing and looking.”
The reader moves through a text in which the same things continually return.
But never in quite the same way.
A sentence that at first seems simple may acquire another meaning when it appears again. An image shifts. A memory changes. Something that first seemed ordinary suddenly becomes religious. Something that seemed accidental becomes decisive.
Fosse uses repetition as music uses a theme.
The theme returns.
But each time slightly altered.
Repetition and variation.
The remarkable result is that the text moves forward without necessarily moving in a straight line. It circles. It returns. It moves around the same thing.
And precisely for that reason, it advances.
The same and the other
In Fosse this becomes especially clear in the relationship between Asle and the other Asle in Septology.
They resemble one another.
They have the same name.
They could almost be the same person.
And yet they are not.
The other appears as a possible version of the first. Another life. Another path. Another possibility.
Here Fosse touches a profound existential question: How many lives are contained within a single life?
A human being is never only what he or she has become.
We also carry within us what we might have become.
One Asle looks at the other, but perhaps he is also looking at himself.
In this way, the human being too becomes a repetition.
I am myself, yet I continually encounter new versions of myself. The person I was as a child still exists somewhere in the person I have become. The young man remains within the old man. The professional remains within the student. The believer stands beside the doubter.
But none of them can be recovered unchanged.
They can only be repeated.
Life does not move in a straight line
We like to imagine life as a line.
Childhood, youth, adulthood, old age.
Education, work, retirement.
Beginning and end.
But experience rarely follows such tidy geometry.
We return.
To people.
To questions.
To places.
To conflicts we thought were over.
To books we read forty years ago.
To sentences we once failed to understand.
Sometimes we discover that what we thought we had left behind is still waiting ahead of us.
Kierkegaard’s repetition therefore challenges the idea that we move forward only by leaving the past behind.
Perhaps we move forward by encountering it again.
Not in order to remain there.
But in order to understand differently.
Repetition is not stagnation
This is also important because repetition can easily be confused with stagnation.
A person makes the same mistakes.
The same conflict arises again.
Someone keeps returning to the same street, the same relationship, the same addiction, the same sorrow.
From the outside it may look as though nothing is moving.
But repetition is not necessarily the absence of movement.
The decisive question may not be whether something happens again, but how it happens again.
A person can walk the same road every day and still be in motion.
The same question can be asked throughout an entire lifetime and continue to receive new answers.
The same sorrow can return without being the same sorrow.
Repetition may therefore be the very form of human change.
Not the dramatic transformation in which everything becomes new.
But the slow displacement.
A small difference.
Another understanding.
A new way of standing within what is old.
Prayer
In Fosse, repetition also takes on a religious dimension.
The prayer is repeated.
The name is repeated.
The words are said again.
From the outside this may seem pointless. Why say the same words over and over?
But religious repetition rests on another understanding of language.
Prayer is not repeated because God has forgotten what was said.
It is repeated because the human being needs to return.
The person praying repeats the words, but does not stand in the same place each time.
The words therefore change as well.
“Pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of our death.”
The same sentence.
But not the same prayer in the mouth of a twenty-year-old and a seventy-year-old.
Time has entered the words.
Here too Kierkegaard and Fosse meet.
Faith cannot merely be remembered.
It must be repeated.
It must come into being again.
Becoming oneself again
For Kierkegaard, existence is repeatedly concerned with the task of becoming oneself.
At first this sounds strange.
How can I become what I already am?
Yet this is precisely where repetition becomes significant.
The self is not something finished hidden inside the human being, simply waiting to be discovered. To be oneself is a task that must continually be taken up again.
I do not become myself once and for all.
I must become myself again.
And again.
This may help explain why some of life’s most important questions are never finally answered.
Who am I?
What do I owe the other person?
What am I to do with my life?
What does love mean?
What does loss mean?
Does God exist?
One can ask such questions when young and think one has found the answer.
Then the question returns thirty years later.
The words are the same.
But the question has become different.
Because the one who asks has become different.
Difference within repetition
There is, however, an important difference between Kierkegaard and Fosse.
Kierkegaard investigates repetition.
Fosse performs it.
For Kierkegaard, repetition becomes a philosophical and existential problem: Is it possible? What does it mean? How does it differ from recollection?
For Fosse, it becomes rhythm.
The reader is not merely told what repetition is.
The reader is subjected to it.
We read the sentence again.
We encounter the image again.
We return to the same thought.
And gradually we discover that what seemed identical was not identical after all.
Difference has entered repetition.
This may be why Fosse’s prose can seem both extremely simple and extremely demanding. The language does not necessarily move through an endless succession of new ideas. It allows the same ideas to continue working.
Like waves.
They come toward the shore.
Withdraw.
And come again.
No wave is the same.
Yet we call them all the sea.
Human life is never completed
Perhaps this is where Kierkegaard and Fosse meet most profoundly.
Both show that a human being does not finish life while living it.
We do not complete love.
We do not complete grief.
We do not complete faith.
We do not complete our understanding of ourselves or of the other person.
We return.
Sometimes voluntarily.
At other times because life leads us back.
Human life is never completed.
It is repeated.
But when it is repeated, there is always the possibility of a small difference.
And perhaps it is precisely within this difference that freedom is found.
Not necessarily as the possibility of beginning entirely anew.
But as the possibility of encountering what is old in a new way.
We return to the same road.
The same sentence.
The same person.
The same question.
And suddenly we see something we did not see before.
Then repetition is no longer a circle that holds us captive.
It has become movement.
Forward.
Repetition is no longer a circle that holds us captive.
It has become movement.
Forward.
This essay was written in a conversation with OpenAI/ChatGPT