When Images of Child Abuse Were Prohibited in Norway
On the Market, the Silence, and Responsibility
Sometimes historical change happens quietly.
Not through fanfare.
Not through dramatic public ceremonies.
But through reports, investigations, and individuals gradually forced to see what society would rather avoid knowing about.
That was what happened in Norway during the late 1980s, when society slowly began to understand the scale of the market for what at the time was called “child pornography.” Today, thankfully, different language is used. We speak of child abuse images or images documenting the sexual exploitation of children. Language matters. Words shape reality.
Pornography between consenting adults concerns sexuality.
Images of child abuse concern violence.
This distinction was not always clearly understood in public debate during the 1980s. Discussions were often reduced to questions of censorship, morality, or obscenity. But behind the images lay something far more serious:
A market.
And behind that market:
real children.
A Society That Did Not Understand What It Was Seeing
While working on the report later delivered to the Norwegian Ministry of Justice in January 1990, it gradually became clear to me that Norway was facing something much larger than isolated criminal cases or occasional police seizures.
An international market for child abuse material already existed.
The material circulated through mail-order systems, underground distribution networks, and organized contact between adult men. Images crossed national borders. Some environments even attempted to present this material as “alternative sexual expression” rather than documentation of abuse.
What was perhaps most disturbing was precisely this process of normalization.
Because it was not true that “nobody wanted to see.”
On the contrary.
Some people wanted these images.
Some collected them.
Some paid for them.
Some built identity and community around them.
This was the market the report attempted to make visible.
And perhaps this was also what made the material so difficult for society to confront:
the realization that the abuse did not merely consist of isolated acts, but depended upon demand, distribution, and adults actively sustaining a market.
Behind Every Image
Yet one realization gradually overshadowed all the others during this work:
Behind every image there was a child.
A real child.
A child manipulated, threatened, exploited, or violated by adults.
In the report, I wrote that such images did not merely document abuse in the moment, but could extend the violation far into the future. The images could be copied, sold, stored, and viewed repeatedly by people the child would never even know existed.
This understanding also changed the legal perspective.
Gradually, a new recognition emerged:
an image of abuse is not a neutral object.
It is a continuation of the abuse itself.
This insight became central to the development of Norwegian legislation. Earlier laws had mainly targeted production and sale. Eventually, possession itself became criminalized—not because society sought stricter morality, but because people began to understand that the market depended upon individuals wanting to own such material.
Demand itself sustained the abuse.
The Silence Surrounding the Abuse
When I reread the report today, I am struck by how deeply this subject was surrounded by silence during the late 1980s.
Not only among victims.
But throughout society.
People did not want to know.
Institutions lacked language.
Public discourse lacked conceptual understanding.
In the report, I described how sexual abuse of children had long been surrounded by taboo, denial, and shame. This was even more true regarding child abuse images.
Such material challenged something fundamental in people’s understanding of the world. We want to believe that children are protected. That adults wish them well. That homes and families represent safety.
When reality contradicts these assumptions, human beings often respond first with denial, and only later with understanding.
Perhaps this is precisely why such markets can exist for so long in the shadows.
Not because society does not see.
But because society struggles to bear what it sees.
The Work That Began to Change Me
For a long time, I believed I could maintain professional distance from the material.
That is what helping professions often teach.
Observe.
Document.
Analyze.
Remain calm.
But some forms of knowledge cannot be studied without also affecting the person who sees them.
The more I worked with the material, the clearer it became how deeply such abuse enters human lives—not only the lives of children, but also those who work close to these realities.
Certain descriptions remained in my body long after the workday ended. Some images returned at night. Gradually, I began to understand that violence is not limited to physical acts alone.
Violence often continues afterward:
in memory,
in the body,
in sleep,
in silence.
Perhaps this was also when I began to understand why society had looked away for so long.
Some forms of reality are difficult to carry.
From Report to Historical Change
When one is in the middle of such work, it is difficult to know what significance it may later have.
But the report became part of a broader historical shift in Norway.
Gradually, a new understanding emerged:
children had to be recognized as individuals with their own rights—not as objects under adult control.
This transformation affected not only legislation.
It changed society’s entire way of seeing the child.
Eventually, Norwegian law was strengthened so that not only production and distribution, but also possession of child abuse images became criminal offenses. This represented an important ethical and legal recognition:
The market cannot be separated from the abuse itself.
The person who possesses the images also helps sustain the demand.
Today, this understanding may appear obvious. But during the late 1980s, it was far from self-evident.
Technology Changes. Human Nature Does Not Always Change With It.
Looking back today, I am struck by how rapidly technology evolved—and how slowly ethical reflection often follows behind.
During the 1980s, the issue involved videotapes, mail-order systems, and hidden distribution networks.
Today we live in a digital world where images can spread globally within seconds.
The VHS tapes are gone.
The market is not gone.
The mechanisms still remain:
silence,
demand,
normalization,
the distance between action and consequence.
Perhaps this is one of the greatest challenges of modern society:
human beings continually develop technology faster than they develop moral maturity.
What Remains
When I read the report today, I also encounter a younger version of myself.
A social worker trying to understand something society still lacked language for.
A man gradually discovering how dark certain aspects of human life can become.
But also someone who learned how essential it is that at least some people dare to look directly at reality.
I do not believe such reports change the world on their own.
But sometimes they can help break a silence.
And perhaps all genuine social responsibility begins precisely there:
In the moment a society stops treating abuse as isolated incidents—
and begins to understand the markets, structures, and silences that make such abuse possible.
References
Pettersen, K. T. (1990). Report on child pornography. Submitted to the Norwegian Ministry of Justice, January 2, 1990.
Norwegian Official Report (NOU) 1982:26. Criminal legislation concerning sexual offenses. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Sætre, M., Holter, H., & Jebsen, E. (1986). Coerced into sexuality. Oslo: Cappelen.