Understanding Without Ever Being Finished
Caputo and the Hermeneutic Project
In the first essay, I asked whether a human being can move.
The answer was yes.
A human being moves, even when that movement may look from the outside like repetition. The same street. The same street corner. The same person. And yet the encounter happens again, in a moment that has never existed before.
In the second essay, the question moved from the human being to understanding.
If the human being moves, our concepts must be able to move as well.
Deconstruction reminded us of the danger of finished understanding. A social worker who has known a person for twenty years may know a great deal about that person. But experience itself can become an obstacle if it culminates in the sentence:
I know who you are.
Now we are left with a third question.
If the human being is never finished, and if our interpretations can never be brought to a final conclusion, what, then, is the hermeneutic project?
Why Try to Understand?
It might be tempting to draw a radical conclusion.
If every understanding can be interpreted again, if our concepts never exhaust reality, and if there is no final standpoint from which we can establish the last meaning – why try to understand at all?
Why not simply say that everything is interpretation?
But then hermeneutics would have abandoned its own project.
The fact that understanding is never completed does not mean that understanding is impossible.
It means that understanding must continue.
We do not interpret because one day we will be finished with interpretation. We interpret because we live with other people and in a world that continually demands something of our understanding.
We must act.
We must respond.
We must choose.
And in order to do so, we try to understand.
Hermeneutics, therefore, is not merely a method for reading old texts. Nor is it simply a philosophical theory about how meaning arises.
It is part of being human.
The Hermeneutic Circle
Hermeneutics has long described understanding as a circle.
We understand the part through the whole and the whole through its parts.
When I read a sentence, I understand it through the text in which it appears. But my understanding of the whole text is simultaneously changed by the sentence I have just read.
I move back and forth.
But the circle is a strange one.
I do not return to exactly the same place.
When I read the text again, the text is the same. But I am not the same reader.
I have read what comes later.
I have gained new experiences.
Perhaps I have understood something that I did not understand the first time.
The hermeneutic circle may therefore resemble a movement more than a circle.
We return.
But we return differently.
I know this from books I have read throughout a lifetime. A text I read when I was young may be a different text when I read it in old age. The words remain in the same place. It is the reader who has moved.
But perhaps the text has moved as well, because it now belongs to another world and another history.
We read again.
We understand again.
We begin again.
From Gadamer to Caputo
Hans-Georg Gadamer taught us that understanding always takes place from somewhere.
We never encounter the world without presuppositions. We have a history, a language, experiences, and expectations. What Gadamer called our prejudices are not simply errors that must be eliminated. They are also conditions that make understanding possible in the first place.
We never begin from zero.
When the social worker meets the man on the street, she already has an understanding.
So does the man.
Both come to the encounter with their histories.
Understanding does not arise by making those histories disappear. It arises in the encounter between them.
But John D. Caputo wants to make hermeneutics more unsettled.
What happens if we become too confident that understanding can ultimately be gathered into a harmonious whole?
What happens to that which does not fit?
To the rupture?
To difference?
To the unexpected?
To the human being who refuses to become what our understanding expected?
Here hermeneutics becomes radical.
It does not try to remove the difficulty.
It tries to live with it.
Restoring Life to Its Original Difficulty
Caputo uses a phrase to which I keep returning: restoring life to its original difficulty.
Restoring life to its original difficulty.
It is a strange task.
We use much of our knowledge precisely to make reality less difficult. We classify. Diagnose. Explain. Construct theories. Develop methods.
We need all of this.
But knowledge can also make reality too simple.
A human being becomes a diagnosis.
A life story becomes a case.
An encounter becomes an intervention.
An experience becomes an outcome.
What is difficult becomes manageable.
And precisely then, something may be lost.
Because life is not always manageable.
A human being does not necessarily fit the category we have assigned to them.
A question does not always have an answer.
A problem does not always have a solution.
Sometimes we must remain within the difficulty.
Not because we lack the courage to act.
But because reality is difficult.
The Helper as Interpreter
This has consequences for social work.
The professional helper must interpret.
She cannot avoid doing so.
She meets a person, hears a story, observes a situation, and tries to understand what is happening. On the basis of this understanding, she may have to act.
But professional interpretation has power.
What the social worker writes may follow a person onwards.
An assessment may be read by the next social worker.
And the next.
After a few years, interpretation may acquire the character of fact.
He is like this.
She functions like this.
We have tried this before.
Then understanding can cease to be movement.
It becomes an archive.
The hermeneutic project therefore cannot simply be to understand the other better.
It must also involve keeping one's own understanding open to revision.
Not:
I know who you are.
But:
This is what I understand now.
That small word now changes a great deal.
Understanding the Other as Other
There is a limit to understanding that may also be ethically important.
I can try to understand another human being.
I can listen to the story.
I can know the person for many years.
But I never become the other.
There is something in the other person's experience that is not my experience.
This need not be a defeat.
Perhaps, on the contrary, it is a condition of respect.
If I believe that I can fully understand the other, I risk making the other part of my own world.
I say:
I know exactly how you feel.
But do I?
Hermeneutics may teach us another sentence:
Tell me.
Not because I know nothing.
But because there is still something I do not know.
The other is allowed to retain their otherness.
Understanding then becomes not a conquest.
It becomes a conversation.
The Street as a Hermeneutic Place
We can return once again to the street.
The social worker goes out.
She meets a person she has met hundreds of times before.
She knows the history.
Perhaps she also knows the lies, the promises, the relapses, and the hope.
But she goes out again.
Why?
Because the encounter is not finished.
She asks again.
Listens again.
Interprets again.
And the man on the street does the same.
He interprets her.
Can she be trusted?
Will she come back?
Does she mean what she says?
Does she still have time?
Both read each other.
Both can be wrong.
Both can understand something.
And understand something differently next time.
The street therefore becomes more than a place where social work is carried out.
It becomes a hermeneutic place.
A place where understanding is continually tested against life.
The Street Finds the Helper – Again
In the two previous essays, I returned to the phrase:
The street finds the helpers.
Now it takes on yet another meaning.
The helper goes out onto the street to understand and help others.
But over the years, her own understanding is exposed to what she encounters.
Some theories hold.
Others do not.
Some concepts prove useful.
Others prove inadequate.
Something she learned at university is confirmed.
Something has to be thought through again.
The street does not necessarily answer her questions.
It changes the questions.
Perhaps this is one of the most important things experience can do.
Not give us increasingly certain answers.
But teach us to ask better questions.
Openness to the Mystery
Towards the end of Radical Hermeneutics, Caputo uses a phrase that may at first seem foreign to modern professional language:
openness to the mystery.
Openness to the mystery.
Mystery does not necessarily mean something supernatural.
It can be understood much more simply.
It is the recognition that reality is always richer than our descriptions of it.
That the human being before me is more than the case record.
That life is more than the theory.
That the other is more than my understanding of the other.
Perhaps mystery begins precisely where I no longer try to make the other person finished.
I may know a great deal about you.
But I do not know everything.
And tomorrow you may surprise me.
So may I.
The Hermeneutic Project
What, then, is the hermeneutic project?
It is not to arrive at the final interpretation.
Nor is it to abandon the possibility of understanding.
It is to continue understanding.
To read again.
To listen again.
To ask again.
To be willing to discover that something we thought we had understood must be understood anew.
It requires knowledge.
But also humility.
It requires experience.
But also openness.
It requires judgement.
But also the ability to say:
I may be wrong.
This is not the weakness of hermeneutics.
It is its strength.
For the alternative to unfinished understanding is not perfect understanding.
The alternative is closed understanding.
Never Finished
We began this short journey with a human being walking the same street every day.
Can a human being move?
Yes.
In repetition, there is movement.
Then we asked what happens when we think we have already understood.
Deconstruction responded by unsettling our concepts.
Now we can ask the final question:
If the human being moves, and if our interpretations must move with them, when is understanding finished?
Perhaps never.
But this does not mean that we do not understand.
It means that understanding is alive.
The human being moves.
The concepts move.
Understanding moves.
And the one who tries to understand is themselves moved.
The street finds them.
The street finds the helpers.
The road found me.
None of these movements gives us the final word.
They give us something else.
A new moment from which to understand.
Perhaps this is the hermeneutic project:
Not to finish understanding a human being, but to keep understanding alive for as long as the human being lives.
Further Reading
Caputo, J. D. (1987/1988). Radical Hermeneutics: Repetition, Deconstruction, and the Hermeneutic Project. Indiana University Press.
Derrida, J. (1978). Writing and Difference (A. Bass, Trans.). University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1967.)
Gadamer, H.-G. (2004). Truth and Method (J. Weinsheimer & D. G. Marshall, Trans., 2nd rev. ed.). Continuum. (Original work published 1960.)
Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and Time (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, Trans.). Harper & Row. (Original work published 1927.)
Kierkegaard, S. (1843). Repetition: An Essay in Experimental Psychology (published under the pseudonym Constantin Constantius).
Perhaps this is the hermeneutic project:
Not to finish understanding a human being,
but to keep understanding alive for as long as the human being lives.
This essay was written in a conversation with OpenAI/ChatGPT