When Life Is Not a Problem to Be Solved
Gabriel Marcel on Mystery, Hope, and the Encounter with the Other
We live in an age that has taught us to treat almost everything as a problem. Illness is to be diagnosed, grief processed, loneliness prevented, and human behaviour explained. Once a problem has been identified, we expect there to be a method, a technique, or an intervention capable of solving it. We ask what works, how it works, and how quickly it works. Whatever cannot be measured risks being dismissed as vague, subjective, or of no practical significance.
But what happens when this way of thinking also becomes our way of understanding life and encountering other people?
The French philosopher Gabriel Marcel tried to put into words something that is easily lost in a technical and function-oriented world. In Eksistens og Erkjennelse (Existence and Knowledge), published in Norwegian in 1949, he distinguishes between a problem and a mystery. At first glance, the distinction may appear abstract, but it concerns something entirely concrete: how we relate to ourselves, to other people, and to the reality of which we are a part.
A problem lies before me. I can examine it, divide it into smaller parts, and perhaps find a solution. I remain outside the problem as the person who observes and analyses it. A mystery is different. I am myself involved in the mystery. I cannot contemplate love, hope, the body, suffering, or death from the outside, as though these were phenomena by which I remained untouched. Nor can I encounter another person as a mystery without placing myself at stake.
A mystery is therefore not simply a problem we have not yet solved. Nor is it a riddle that science will one day be able to explain. Mystery points towards an aspect of existence that cannot be turned into an object without something essential being lost.
The Human Being as Function
Marcel believed that modern human beings are increasingly understood in terms of their functions. We perform biological, psychological, and social functions. We are employees, patients, service users, consumers, clients, and recipients of care. Even leisure can become a function intended to ensure that we rest efficiently enough to continue working.
Functions are necessary. No society can exist without tasks, roles, institutions, and technical arrangements. The problem arises when the human being is no longer seen as anything more than the sum of the functions he or she performs. The question “Who are you?” may then gradually be replaced by “What do you do?” or “What use are you?”
When a person can no longer fulfil former functions, that person may also feel that his or her very worth has become uncertain. Someone who becomes ill, unemployed, old, or dependent on help does not merely lose certain tasks. In a function-oriented world, that person may feel as though he or she is losing a place among other human beings.
This is not primarily an organisational problem. It is an ontological question—a question of what it means to be. Marcel argues that modern human beings have lost something of their awareness of being. We have acquired ever greater knowledge of how things function, yet have become less certain about what it means for something—or someone—to exist.
Those who look only for functions, causes, and effects may gradually lose their capacity for wonder. The world becomes illuminated, classified, and explained, but not necessarily understood. We know more and more about the human being, while the human being as such may disappear behind our knowledge.
When the Other Becomes a Case
The difference between problem and mystery is perhaps revealed most clearly in the encounter with another person.
In professional life, we have to organise reality through categories. A physician must make a diagnosis. A social worker must describe a person’s circumstances. A researcher must systematise the material under study. Public institutions must determine whether particular conditions have been met. Without such categories, much necessary assistance would become arbitrary and unjust.
But a human being is never identical with the category into which he or she is placed. A person is not merely a diagnosis, a case, a service user, or a representative of a social group. The moment the category becomes the whole truth about the other, the human being is reduced to a case.
Marcel describes the available person as someone who is capable of being present to another. Availability here means more than having time or being accessible. It means being receptive. I allow the other to appear as a human being whose reality is not already exhausted by my concepts and explanations.
The unavailable person, by contrast, may possess considerable knowledge and many skills, yet encounter the other with an inner closedness. The other is quickly assessed, classified, and assigned a place. I know who you are before I have listened to what you are trying to tell me.
Being available does not mean that I must feel everything the other feels or carry the suffering of everyone. That would be impossible. Nor does it mean abandoning my judgement. Availability is an attitude through which I acknowledge that the other is always more than I can know about him or her. It is a form of humility before the reality of the other.
In a genuine encounter, therefore, something occurs that cannot be planned or produced. I can prepare the conditions for a conversation, but no method can guarantee that an encounter will take place. The encounter arises when the other is no longer merely before me as an object of my attention, but becomes present to me—and I to the other.
Here Marcel approaches an understanding of the human being that we also find in Martin Buber. A person does not become fully himself or herself in isolation, but in relation to the other. It is not simply that an “I” and a “You” first exist separately and then meet. Something comes into being between us. The encounter does not necessarily change our external circumstances, but it may change how reality is borne.
The Mystery of Knowledge
Marcel also challenges the idea that knowledge consists primarily of a subject observing an object. Descartes found certainty in the proposition, “I think, therefore I am.” For Marcel, however, this thinking self becomes too isolated and confined. The proposition tells us that there is a consciousness that thinks, but not who this person is, what he or she belongs to, or how this person is connected with others.
Before I begin to examine the world, I already find myself within it. Before I reflect on the body, I am bodily present. Before I analyse my relationship with another person, I am already affected by closeness, distance, trust, or longing. Knowledge therefore does not begin with an observer standing outside reality. It begins in participation.
This does not mean that reflection is unnecessary. Marcel distinguishes between a reflection that breaks reality into parts and a deeper, secondary reflection that attempts to recover the unity disrupted by analysis. Primary reflection asks how something functions. Secondary reflection asks how I myself am involved in what I am trying to understand.
Such inward reflection is not the same as withdrawing into oneself. Nor is it a form of self-absorption. Marcel describes it as a recovery: an attempt to rediscover within ourselves what cannot be reduced to roles, achievements, and external judgements.
When I enter into myself in this way, I discover, paradoxically, that I do not belong only to myself. My life is mine, but it is not my property in the same way as an object over which I may freely dispose. I have been received into a reality that existed before me, and I live within relationships that I did not create. My language, my body, my history, and the people who have carried me all remind me that existence is also a gift.
Hope Is Not Optimism
It is within this context that Marcel’s reflections on hope acquire their particular significance.
Hope is not the same as optimism. Optimism assumes that things will probably turn out well. It may be based on experience, statistics, or an assessment of the possibilities available. Hope becomes most clearly visible when such calculations no longer provide sufficient grounds for optimism.
Nor is hope the same as desire. Desire is directed towards a particular outcome: I want this to happen and not something else. If the wish is not fulfilled, desire may turn into disappointment or bitterness. Genuine hope is more open. It does not insist that life must follow my plan, but refuses to declare reality finally closed.
Marcel writes of hoping when all hope appears to be gone. This may concern a person struck by serious illness, a relationship that seems irreparably damaged, or a life in which every familiar path forward appears blocked. Hope does not deny the illness, the loss, or the defeat. It does not close its eyes to reality. But it refuses to accept that what is visible and measurable constitutes the whole of reality.
Despair says: Everything has already been decided. No new beginning is possible. There is nothing and no one left in whom I can place my trust.
Hope does not necessarily say: Everything will turn out well. It says instead: Reality has not yet been exhausted. There is more than I can presently see.
Hope therefore cannot be proved. If it could be calculated, it would no longer be hope, but a prognosis. Hope involves a form of trust, a credit extended to life. Marcel uses precisely this economic image: despair declares reality insolvent, while hope extends credit to it.
This does not mean that hope relieves us of the need to act. A powerless hope would be a contradiction in terms. Hope keeps action open when the outcome cannot be guaranteed. It enables us to continue caring for the sick person, speaking to someone who has withdrawn into silence, searching for a path where no path is yet visible, and working for change without knowing whether we ourselves will live to see the result.
Creative Fidelity
For Marcel, hope is connected with what he calls creative fidelity. This concept, too, contains a paradox.
Fidelity can easily be understood as immutability: repeating the same thing and adhering to earlier promises regardless of what happens. But a fidelity that merely repeats the past may harden into conformity. Creative fidelity must preserve and renew at the same time.
A promise is made at a particular moment, but it must be kept by a person who changes, in relation to another person who is also changing. If fidelity is to remain alive, it cannot consist merely in preserving an image of who the other once was. It must remain faithful to the other’s presence, even when this presence reveals itself in new and unexpected ways.
Creative fidelity therefore means remaining receptive. I do not try to possess the other or freeze the relationship into a particular form. I remain, but I must continually learn anew what it means to remain.
Betrayal is the shadow of fidelity. We can betray someone not only by leaving, but also by ceasing to see who that person is. We can be physically present while having withdrawn our presence. We can continue to fulfil our external duties while encountering the other with an inner coldness.
Fidelity is creative when it allows presence to become active. It does not create the other, but opens a space in which the other can appear as more than his or her past, failures, and functions. In this way, fidelity is connected with hope: both refuse to reduce a human being to what has already been given.
The Victory and Defeat of Technique
Marcel was not an opponent of technology. Technology solves real problems and has made human life safer in countless ways. It becomes dangerous, however, when it ceases to be a tool and becomes a complete understanding of reality.
Technology can treat illness, but cannot by itself decide what a person needs when no cure is possible. It can establish contact between people, but cannot create presence. It can make vast amounts of information accessible, but cannot guarantee understanding. It can imitate language, recognise patterns, and propose solutions, but it cannot relieve us of responsibility for how we encounter the other.
The more problems we learn to solve, the greater the temptation may become to regard everything as a problem. When technology fails, we may experience this not merely as a practical defeat, but as though reality itself had failed us.
Marcel sees a connection here between faith in unlimited technological progress and modern despair. If our only hope is tied to what we can control, the encounter with what cannot be controlled will sooner or later be experienced as a complete collapse.
Suffering, ageing, love, and death remind us that not everything is at our disposal. They reveal the limits of technique. But this limit need not be merely a defeat. It may also open another understanding of life—one in which receptivity, fidelity, and presence become more important than mastery.
Allowing Mystery to Remain Mystery
Gabriel Marcel converted to Catholicism and may reasonably be described as a Catholic existential philosopher, just as Kierkegaard may be described as a Protestant existential philosopher. In Marcel, we find a movement towards the transcendent, towards a reality that human beings have neither created nor mastered.
Yet his distinction between problem and mystery is not available only to those who share his Christian faith. It also grows out of experiences that human beings can recognise: that an encounter may change a life, that love contains more than we can explain, that fidelity must be renewed, and that hope can remain alive when optimism no longer has anything on which to rest.
For Marcel, faith gives mystery a language, but mystery already reveals itself in experience.
To recognise a mystery does not mean that we cease to think. It means thinking in a way that does not destroy what we are trying to understand. We must continue to investigate, analyse, and seek knowledge. At the same time, however, we must know that a human being is always more than our knowledge of that person.
Practical philosophy may begin precisely here: in the question of how we live with what we cannot stand outside. How do I encounter another person without turning that person into a case? How do I act when the outcome cannot be guaranteed? How do I remain faithful without becoming rigid? How do I hope without fleeing from reality?
Life is full of problems to be solved. But life itself is not a problem.
It is a mystery in which we participate.
Life is full of problems to be solved.
But life itself is not a problem.
It is a mystery in which we participate.
This essay was written in a conversation with OpenAI/ChatGPT