The Reflective Practitioner
When Knowledge Resides in the Body
There is a kind of knowledge that does not first appear in what we say, but in what we do. It appears in the way an experienced social worker opens a conversation. In how she notices a slight change in the voice of the person she is speaking with. In how she senses that a child has become silent in a different way than before. In how she pauses before asking the next question, because the situation calls for gentleness rather than efficiency.
Such knowledge is difficult to explain. It cannot always be written into procedures, manuals, or checklists. Yet it is crucial in professional social work. It is not less professional because it is tacit. Nor is it less important because it resides in the body.
This essay opens a series on the reflective practitioner. The series is based on lecture material on reflective practical learning, tacit knowledge, the body, professional judgment, experience, and professional development. The starting point is simple, but demanding: A good social worker does not act only from what she knows. She also acts from what she has learned through experience, embodied presence, professional judgment, and ethical attentiveness.
Knowing More Than We Can Say
Michael Polanyi formulated an insight that has become highly significant for understanding professional practice: We know more than we can put into words. It is a simple sentence, but it opens an entire understanding of knowledge.
We recognize faces without being able to explain exactly how we do it. We notice atmospheres in a room before we have analyzed them. We move through traffic, avoid danger, read body language, and act in complex situations without first turning everything into explicit thought. Much of what we know has become part of our way of being in the world.
This is also true in social work. An experienced social worker may often sense that something is not right before she can explain why. She may feel that a family is telling a story that is correct on the surface, yet still lacks something essential. She may understand that a young person’s indifference is not really indifference, but protection. She may hear that the silence in the room is not empty, but full of experiences that have not yet found language.
This does not mean that gut feeling alone is enough. On the contrary. Tacit knowledge must not be romanticized. It may be wise, but it may also be shaped by habits, prejudices, institutional culture, and unexamined assumptions. For this reason, tacit knowledge must be brought into reflection. It does not necessarily have to be made completely explicit, for that is not always possible. But it must be open to examination, challenge, and accountability.
This is where the reflective practitioner begins.
When Practice Becomes Automatic
Donald Schön described the professional as someone who often acts in situations where there are no simple technical answers. Many professional problems cannot be solved by opening a book and applying a rule. They arise in what Schön called the “swampy lowlands” of practice: unclear, complex, and value-laden situations where people, institutions, history, and power are woven together.
In social work this is especially evident. A legal text may say what is possible. A procedure may say what must be investigated. A professional theory may offer concepts. But none of these alone can determine how one should meet this particular person, in this particular situation, at this particular moment.
Professional practice therefore consists of more than applying theory. It also consists of acting wisely when theory, rules, and experience must be interpreted together. The social worker must be able to see the general in the concrete, but also the concrete that does not quite fit the general.
This requires judgment.
Judgment is not the same as mere opinion. Nor is judgment a personal license to do whatever one wishes. Professional judgment is a responsible assessment in situations where there is no single mechanical right answer. It is a professional and ethical capacity for discernment developed through knowledge, experience, dialogue, and critical reflection.
But judgment may deteriorate if practice becomes mere automatic routine. Then we say: “This is just how we do things here.” Or: “It usually works.” Or: “This is the procedure.” Such statements are not necessarily wrong. Routines may protect both service users and professionals. But they may also conceal the fact that a practice has become unreflective.
The reflective practitioner therefore asks: What are we doing when we do this? What understandings do we rely on? Whom does this practice serve? Who is not being seen? What are we taking for granted?
The Body in Professional Practice
Much professional theory has been shaped by an old division between thought and body. Thinking has been understood as something elevated, pure, and rational, while the body has been understood as something lower, more disturbing, or less professional. This legacy can be traced back to a long philosophical tradition, not least to Descartes’ distinction between mind and body.
But in social work such a distinction is difficult to maintain. The professional is always present with the body. She listens with the body. She notices unease, distance, trust, resistance, fear, and relief in concrete encounters. She sits in the room, uses her voice, holds pauses, looks or refrains from looking, moves closer or steps back.
The body is not an obstacle to reflection. The body is part of reflection.
Elizabeth Anne Kinsella has written about embodied reflection. The point is that reflection does not only take place afterwards, when we sit at a desk and think about what happened. Reflection may also take place in the action itself, in the encounter, through bodily attentiveness and experienced presence.
A social worker may, for example, notice that she becomes irritated during a conversation. The unreflective response would be to let the irritation take control. The professional response is not to pretend that the feeling does not exist, but to make it part of reflection: What is happening in me now? Why am I reacting in this way? Is this about the other person, about the situation, about my own tiredness, about earlier experiences, or about something in the institution that is pressing upon me?
In this way the body can become a source of knowledge, but only if it is met with professional humility. Bodily reactions are not the truth. But they may be signals. They may help the practitioner pause, listen more carefully, and act more responsibly.
Reflection-in-Action
Schön distinguishes between reflection on action and reflection in action. Both are important.
Reflection on action takes place afterwards. We return to a conversation, a decision, or an event and ask: What actually happened? What did I do? What could I have done differently? What did I not understand at the time? Which theories or assumptions guided me?
This is necessary in professional learning. Without reflection, experience becomes mere repetition. One may have worked for forty years without necessarily having forty years of developed experience. One may also have one year of experience repeated forty times. Experience becomes learning only when it is worked through.
But reflection does not only take place afterwards. It also takes place in the middle of the situation. A conversation takes an unexpected turn. A child does not respond as one had expected. A mother reacts with anger when one had anticipated grief. A young person laughs at a moment when laughter does not seem to fit. Then the social worker must be able to adjust while acting.
This is reflection-in-action. It is not slow academic reflection, but practical intelligence in motion. The professional tries something, notices its effect, adjusts course, and opens the possibility of another understanding.
It may resemble craftsmanship. A good craftsperson knows the material. She senses the resistance in the wood, the weight of the tool, the sound of something that is not right. In a similar way, social work is a profession that requires sensitivity to its material. But the material is not wood, stone, or metal. The material is human life, relationships, vulnerability, hope, and social conditions.
For this reason, the craft must be ethical.
The Dangerous Silence
Tacit knowledge can be a strength. But it can also be dangerous. For what is tacit is not always wise. It may also be the habits of the institution, the blind spots of the profession, or the prejudices of society.
In social work, tacit knowledge may appear as an immediate ability to create trust. But it may also appear as an unexamined distrust of certain groups. It may be a finely tuned attentiveness to children’s signals. But it may also be a habit of overlooking children because conversations with adults take up all the space. It may be confidence in the face of chaos. But it may also become a hardness that no longer notices the other person’s pain.
The reflective practitioner must therefore ask not only what she knows. She must also ask how she knows it. Where does this assessment come from? Is it professionally grounded? Is it ethically defensible? Is it shaped by stress, fear, time pressure, organizational culture, or earlier experience?
This is especially important when meeting people who are already exposed to power. The social worker’s judgment may have significant consequences. An assessment may open a door or close it. A glance may confer dignity or reinforce shame. A report may follow a person for many years. A decision may change a child’s life.
Reflection is therefore not a luxury in social work. It is part of the responsibility.
Professional Learning Is Not Only More Theory
Professional education needs theory. Without theory, practice becomes narrow, private, and vulnerable to chance. Theory gives us language, concepts, historical awareness, and critical distance. It helps us see that what appears to be an individual problem often also has social, economic, cultural, and political dimensions.
But professional learning cannot be reduced to more theory. It is not enough to know about conversations. One must learn to be in them. It is not enough to know ethical principles. One must practice acting ethically when the situation is unclear. It is not enough to read about children’s lifeworlds. One must learn to see the child when the child does not cry out.
This is practical learning. It takes place through practice, supervision, mistakes, correction, experience, and reflection. It takes place in professional communities where practice can be spoken about without everything becoming self-defense. It takes place when students and professionals are helped to put words to what they do, while also accepting that some of the knowledge of practice will always exceed words.
A good supervisor therefore does not merely help the student find the correct answer. She helps the student ask better questions. What did you notice? What did you do then? What did you feel in your body? What do you think the other person experienced? What could you have explored more carefully? Which values were at stake?
In this way, supervision becomes more than control of practice. It becomes a path into professional judgment.
Becoming More Accountable to One’s Own Practice
The reflective practitioner is not the flawless practitioner. On the contrary. The reflective practitioner knows that she may be wrong. She knows that her first understanding is not always the best one. She knows that experience may bring wisdom, but also overconfidence. She knows that professional confidence must be combined with humility.
This may be one of the most important qualities in social work: to be able to act without becoming hard; to assess without becoming judgmental; to use experience without being trapped by it; to rely on theory without hiding behind it.
Professional reflection is therefore not about making practice academic in a narrow sense. It is about making practice more accountable. It helps us see that our actions always carry understandings of human beings, normality, deviance, dignity, help, responsibility, and power.
When the social worker becomes more attentive to her own tacit knowledge, she also becomes more attentive to her own responsibility. She can begin to distinguish between what she actually sees, what she thinks she sees, and what she has learned to see. She may discover that some of her own professional self-evidences are not self-evident at all. She may open practice to criticism, dialogue, and learning.
This is not always comfortable. But it is necessary.
Conclusion: The Art of Learning from What We Do
Social work is a practice-based profession. It does not take place only in texts, plans, and assessments, but in encounters between people. It takes place in conversation rooms, homes, institutions, offices, schools, prisons, hospitals, welfare offices, and child protection services. It takes place where human lives are touched by social arrangements and professional ways of seeing.
For this reason, the social worker must be more than an applier of rules. She must be a reflective practitioner.
She must be able to use knowledge, but also examine how knowledge is used. She must be able to trust experience, but also challenge it. She must be able to act in the moment, but also return to the moment afterwards and ask what actually happened. She must know that the body is not only present in practice, but also carries experience, unease, insight, and gentleness.
The reflective practitioner does not learn only before action. She learns in action and from action. She allows practice to speak back to theory. She allows the encounter with the other to disturb what she thought she knew. She does not turn her tacit knowledge into a private authority, but into material for ethical, professional, and collegial reflection.
This is how professional learning becomes more than competence development. It becomes a way of becoming more responsible.
And perhaps this is precisely what characterizes the good social worker: She knows that she is never finished learning, because every person she meets is more than what she already knows.
Recommended Literature for Further Reading
Grimen, H., & Molander, A. (2008). Profession and judgment. In A. Molander & L. I. Terum (Eds.), Profesjonsstudier [Studies of professions] (pp. 179–196). Universitetsforlaget.
An important Norwegian text on professional judgment, discretionary space, and responsibility in professional practice.
Kinsella, E. A. (2007). Embodied reflection and the epistemology of reflective practice. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 41(3), 395–409.
A central text for understanding how reflection is not only cognitive, but also embodied and grounded in experience.
Polanyi, M. (1966). The tacit dimension. University of Chicago Press.
The classic work on tacit knowledge, with the fundamental insight that we know more than we can say.
Ryle, G. (1949). The concept of mind. Hutchinson.
An important philosophical critique of the separation between body and mind, relevant for understanding knowledge as something shown in action.
Schön, D. A. (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. Basic Books.
A foundational work on reflection in professional practice, especially on how professionals act in complex and uncertain situations.
Schön, D. A. (1987). Educating the reflective practitioner. Jossey-Bass.
Develops the theory of reflective practice further in relation to professional education and supervision.
This essay was written in a conversation with OpenAI/ChatGPT, and developed from my lecture notes on this topic.