Waking Up to See – Waking Up to Hear
When a Child’s Distress Becomes a Question for the Adult
A child sits at the back of the room. The child says nothing. The other children play, talk, and move among one another with the ease of those who feel at home. The child at the back watches but does not join in. The adult notices. Perhaps the adult thinks the child is shy. Perhaps tired. Perhaps simply in need of more time.
Another child is restless. The child hits, interrupts, ruins the game, and frightens the others. The adult notices this child too. Perhaps the adult thinks the child lacks boundaries. Perhaps the parents should be firmer. Perhaps the child must learn how to behave.
A third child draws the same picture again and again. A house without windows. A small figure without a mouth. A large figure standing close by. The adult looks at the drawing, smiles, and says that the child is good at drawing.
All of this may be innocent. Children may be quiet, restless, or preoccupied with dark images without anything serious having happened. A single sign is rarely proof. A drawing is not a confession. Difficult behaviour is not a diagnosis. Yet a child’s actions may sometimes be the beginning of a story. Not a story that is already complete, but a story searching for a person willing to stop and pay attention.
Children do not always speak in words. Sometimes they speak through the body. Through the eyes. Through silence. Through anger. Through play. Through the drawing that is repeated. Through what they do to others, and through what they allow others to do to them. They may speak by withdrawing, but also by coming too close. They may speak through restlessness, sleep problems, fear, sexualised behaviour, or a sudden change that no one fully understands.
The question, then, is not only whether the child is speaking. The question is whether the adult is able to recognise that something is trying to be spoken.
What We Are Not Prepared to See
We like to believe that we see what is in front of us. But human beings do not see only with their eyes. We see through our experiences, our assumptions, our fears, and what we believe to be possible. What we do not believe can happen is also harder for us to recognise.
Violence and sexual abuse against children belong to those realities that many people prefer to place outside the ordinary world. We know they occur, but we tend to imagine that they happen somewhere else, in another family, in a darker house than our own. Perhaps we imagine a particular kind of abuser or a particular kind of family. When reality does not resemble the image we carry, we may fail to see it.
The child may come from a well-kept home. The parents may be friendly, educated, and socially competent. The adult whom the child fears may be someone others trust. There is not always anything visible on the surface to warn us. That is precisely why it takes courage to see.
Waking up to see does not mean becoming suspicious of everyone. Nor does it mean interpreting every sign of distress as evidence of abuse. It means remaining open to the possibility that a child’s actions have a context, and that what we call difficult behaviour may be the child’s attempt to cope with something difficult.
Behaviour is not only something a child does. It may also be something the child has learned to do in order to survive.
A child who is constantly alert may have had good reason to remain alert. A child who hits before others come close may have learned that closeness is dangerous. A child who does not react to pain may have learned to leave the body when pain arrives. A child who tries to control everything and everyone may have lived in a world where the unexpected always came without warning.
Yet adults often begin at the wrong end. We ask what is wrong with the child before we ask what the child may have experienced. We locate the problem in the child because the child is the one standing before us. The home, the history, and the relationships are less visible.
The child may therefore become the bearer of the explanation for their own suffering.
The Adult’s Defences
There are many reasons why adults do not ask. Some are related to knowledge. We are unsure which signs to notice. We are afraid of interpreting them incorrectly. We fear influencing the child or damaging a possible investigation.
But the resistance is not only professional. It is also human.
It can be painful to imagine that a child we know may be exposed to violence or abuse. Suspicion changes the room. It makes the familiar uncertain. People we have greeted, shared coffee with, or worked alongside may suddenly appear in a different light. A family we thought we knew becomes unfamiliar.
We may also fear what will be required of us if the child answers. What do I do if the child tells me something serious? Whom should I contact? What will the parents say? What if I am wrong? What if I am right?
Sometimes adults protect themselves while saying that they are protecting the child.
We may think it is best not to disturb painful memories. We may believe the child will forget if no one asks. We may fear that a question will deepen the harm. Yet what the child carries does not necessarily disappear because we avoid speaking about it. Silence may instead tell the child that this is something no adult can bear to hear.
Children are sensitive to adult reactions. They notice unease, distance, and sudden changes of subject. They see when the adult looks away. They hear when the voice becomes unnaturally bright. They often understand more than we realise about which subjects are welcome and which must remain hidden.
If a child cautiously tries out a sentence and the adult immediately changes the subject, the child may learn something important:
I must not talk about this.
The adult’s silence is then no longer neutral. It becomes part of the child’s world.
The Child Who Protects the Adults
We often imagine that children who have experienced serious violations want to tell everything as soon as they meet a safe adult. This is not always the case. Children may have powerful reasons for remaining silent.
They may have been threatened. They may be afraid that someone will be hurt, imprisoned, or taken away. They may fear that the family will fall apart. They may love the person who has harmed them. They may feel guilt, shame, and loyalty at the same time.
A child may also believe that they caused what happened. The child may have been told that they wanted it, participated in it, or that no one would believe them. The abuser may have made the child responsible for keeping the secret.
In this way, the child may become the one who protects the adult.
It is an unfair burden, yet it may feel necessary. Children depend on adults, even when adults fail them. They cannot simply leave the family, the house, or the relationship. They must therefore find ways to continue living inside what they cannot escape.
Silence may be one such way.
It may protect the child from consequences they cannot understand. It may preserve a certain order in an unsafe world. It may keep the family together. It may prevent further threats. It may also hold the traumatic experience at a distance.
Silence, therefore, does not mean that nothing has happened. But silence is not proof that something has happened either. This is what makes the adult’s task so demanding: we must take the signs seriously without filling them with our own explanation.
We must keep suspicion open without turning it into truth.
Seeing Without Deciding
Waking up to see is not the same as becoming certain. It is becoming attentive.
An attentive adult does not immediately say: I know what has happened to you. The adult says instead: I can see that something may be difficult. I will try to understand.
This is a crucial difference.
When we decide too early, we risk leading the child into our story. We may begin to ask questions that already contain their own answers. We may interpret every pause as confirmation and every denial as further proof. The child is then no longer the one telling the story. The child becomes the one expected to confirm what the adult already believes.
To see a child ethically means respecting that the child has a reality we do not know. The child is not a puzzle for us to solve. The child is a human being for us to meet.
We must therefore be able to tolerate not knowing.
This is difficult in professional work. We are used to associating competence with understanding, explaining, and acting. Uncertainty may feel like weakness. Yet in an encounter with a child, the person who believes they are certain may be more dangerous than the person who remains openly curious.
The open adult is not passive. On the contrary, openness requires discipline. The adult must notice their own assumptions, hold back quick explanations, and listen for what the child is actually expressing.
It is a form of professional humility.
The Question That Opens a Space
Some questions close a conversation, while others open one.
A closed question may demand yes or no. It may indicate which direction the answer should take. It may reveal what the adult hopes or fears to hear.
An open question gives the child more space.
What happened?
Tell me about it.
What did you think then?
What was it like to be you?
Yet open questions do not work if they are used only as a technique. Children notice whether the adult truly has time. They sense whether the question is genuine or merely the beginning of a procedure.
What matters most, therefore, lies not only in the words, but in the way the adult is present.
Can I tolerate the silence after the question? Can I allow the child to search for words without helping too quickly? Can I hear something painful without reacting in a way that makes the child begin to comfort me? Can I receive a story that is not coherent?
Children’s stories do not always arrive in chronological order. They may contain breaks, repetitions, details that appear unimportant, and gaps where we expect an explanation. A child may remember the colour of the curtains but not the day on which something happened. The child may describe a smell, a sound, or a toy, but be unable to find words for the violation itself.
This does not necessarily mean the story is untrue. Nor does it necessarily mean that it is true. It means that children’s experiences cannot always be retrieved on command.
The adult must listen to what is said, but also respect what cannot yet be said.
When the Child Says Little
One of the most common mistakes adults make is to push further when a child does not speak. We may become so focused on helping that the conversation turns into an interrogation. One question follows another. The child senses the expectation and may begin trying to work out what the adult wants to hear.
The adult may then believe the child is cooperating, when the child is actually adapting.
If the child closes down, it may be because the subject is too difficult. But it may also be because the relationship does not yet feel safe, because the adult has moved too quickly, or because the child does not understand why the conversation is taking place.
Sometimes the most responsible thing to do is to stop.
To say: We do not have to talk more about this now. You can return to it later. I am here.
To the adult, this may feel like failure. Yet perhaps this is precisely when the child has a first experience of an adult who does not take control. The child is allowed to keep ownership of their words. A refusal or a silence is respected.
This does not mean that the adult should withdraw from responsibility. If the concern is serious, other services must be involved. The child’s safety cannot depend on whether the child is able to provide a complete account. But the conversation itself must not become another situation in which the child loses influence over what happens.
Protection and respect must be held together.
The Difficult Gaze
There is a difference between looking at a child and seeing the child.
Looking at the child may mean registering behaviour, symptoms, and deviations. We note that the child is aggressive, withdrawn, or unable to concentrate. We describe these things in reports and meetings. Such knowledge may be necessary.
But seeing the child requires something more. It asks us to imagine how the world looks from where the child stands.
What might this restlessness mean to the child? What is the child trying to protect themselves from? What has the child learned about adults? What happens in the body when someone comes too close? What does the child expect me to do?
These questions do not immediately provide certain answers. But they change the way we meet the child. They move attention from fault to experience, from control to understanding.
Children who have experienced violence or abuse are often encountered through the difficulties they create for others. They disrupt lessons, create conflict, reject help, or break rules. Adults become tired, frustrated, and perhaps afraid.
This is understandable. Professionals are human too.
Yet this is precisely when we must remind ourselves that what the child does to us may have been shaped by what others have done to the child.
This does not mean that every form of behaviour should be accepted. Children need boundaries, and other children need protection. But a boundary can be set without making the child into the problem.
We can say: I cannot allow you to hit. At the same time, I can see that you are having a difficult time. I am staying here.
This is a different kind of authority from authority that merely punishes. It protects without rejecting.
Hearing What Is Not Said
Some adults have a particular ability to help children speak. This is not necessarily because they know the correct questions. Often it is because the child experiences them as people who can bear the truth.
They do not hurry. They do not show disbelief. They do not become dramatically shocked. They do not turn the child’s experience into their own emotional performance. They are present without being intrusive.
Hearing a child also means hearing what lies between the words.
When a child says, “I do not like being alone with him,” the adult does not need to know immediately why. But the sentence should not disappear. When a child says, “It is a secret,” the adult can ask what kind of secret it is. When a child says, “Mum will be angry if I tell,” the adult must understand that speaking itself may feel dangerous.
At the same time, we must be careful not to make every statement larger than the child has made it. It is tempting to run ahead, especially when we become concerned. But the good conversational partner stays close to the child’s words.
The child’s language must be allowed to remain the child’s language.
It is not always precise. It may be symbolic, bodily, or connected to expressions the child has heard others use. Adults may quickly translate this into professional language. Yet something may be lost in the translation.
We should therefore sometimes repeat the child’s own words:
You said it felt “horrible inside your body.” Tell me more about that.
In this way, the adult shows that the words have been heard without deciding what they mean.
When the Adult Takes Responsibility
Inviting a child to speak is not a private act between two people. If the child speaks about violence or abuse, a responsibility arises that extends beyond the conversation. The adult cannot promise to keep everything secret.
As far as possible, the child should be told this.
Children need honesty. If we say that what they tell us will never be shared and then we must contact others, the child may experience another betrayal. The adult must explain that some things are so serious that more adults are needed to help.
But the responsibility must not be handed back to the child.
The child should not have to decide whether child protection services, the police, or others should be contacted. Nor should the child have to carry the consequences of adult actions. The child did not create the situation.
Once the child has spoken, the adult must take over the part of the burden that belongs to adults.
This means taking action, but also remaining present. Children may experience many adults becoming occupied with the case while few remain occupied with the child. Meetings begin. Telephone calls are made. Documents are written. The child’s words move through the system.
Yet the child still wakes the next morning in the same body and with the same fear.
The child then needs someone who asks: What is it like to be you now?
Believing the Child – and Still Investigating
The phrase “believe the child” is often used, and with good reason. Too many children have been met with disbelief, minimisation, or accusations of lying. When children finally speak about violations, they must be met with seriousness and respect.
But believing the child should not mean that the first adult immediately establishes the full course of events. It means first of all believing that the child’s experience and perspective deserve attention. The child must not be dismissed. The story must be investigated in a responsible way.
The adult must avoid two dangers.
One is disbelief: This cannot have happened. You must have misunderstood.
The other is pre-judgement: I already know exactly what happened.
Between them lies responsible openness:
What you are telling me matters. I am taking you seriously. We will make sure this is looked into, and that you receive help.
This is not a weak middle position. It is an ethically demanding stance that both protects the child and respects the complexity of truth.
What the Child Needs to Encounter
Children who have experienced violence, abuse, or serious neglect have often learned that adults use their power without regard for the child. The way the child is met therefore matters more than we sometimes understand.
A calm gaze may say: You do not frighten me.
A pause may say: You may take the time you need.
An open question may say: I will not put words in your mouth.
An honest explanation may say: I will not deceive you.
An action may say: What happened to you was not acceptable.
Children do not need perfect adults. They need adults who are present, who can admit uncertainty, and who take responsibility when something serious comes to light.
They need adults who do not ask only because they want information, but because the child’s life matters to them.
Waking Up Is Not the End
The title “Waking Up to See” may sound as though there is a single moment when we finally see clearly. But seeing children is not a condition we achieve once and for all. We must keep waking up.
We must wake from the belief that children always speak clearly. From the assumption that apparently good families cannot contain serious violations. From our desire for quick explanations. From our own fear of the answer that an honest question may open.
And we must wake from the idea that discovering something is enough.
Seeing a child creates responsibility.
If we see the child’s distress, we must approach without invading. If we hear a hint, we must listen without taking over. If the child speaks, we must act without turning the child into a case. If the child does not speak, we must remain attentive and seek guidance when concern remains.
Sometimes everything begins with a small change in the adult.
We stop in the doorway instead of walking on. We sit down. We leave the phone untouched. We see the child, not only the behaviour. We say in a calm voice:
I have noticed that you have not seemed well lately. I do not know why. But I would like to understand. You can tell me whatever you would like to tell me.
Perhaps the child does not answer.
Perhaps the child shrugs and walks away.
Perhaps the story comes next week, next year, or to another adult.
Yet something may still have happened. The child may have discovered that there is a door. That someone has noticed. That someone can bear waiting near what has not yet found words.
We do not always learn what such a moment means.
But for a child who has carried their experience alone for a long time, it may be the beginning of something decisive:
The discovery that the world does not consist only of adults who fail to see.
There is also an adult who has awakened.
The title “Waking Up to See” may sound as though there is a single moment when we finally see clearly.
But seeing children is not a condition we achieve once and for all.
We must keep waking up.