The Guilty Person Who Feels No Guilt
On the absence of guilt feelings, moral blindness, and responsibility
There is a painful experience many people know: the one who has done wrong behaves as if nothing has happened.
He sleeps well. He explains himself calmly. He may even become irritated when confronted. He thinks others are exaggerating. He says that he did not mean it that way. He claims that anyone could have done the same. He makes himself the victim of criticism, misunderstanding, or “old history.”
The one who was harmed carries unrest, shame, sleeplessness, and guilt feelings. The one who acted wrongly may feel nothing at all.
This is one of the most difficult aspects of guilt. We would like to believe that guilt and guilt feelings belong together. We would like to believe that the person who has done something wrong also feels it. Conscience should speak. The heart should become troubled. The face should reveal something. But human life is not always like that. A person can be guilty without feeling guilt.
The absence of guilt feelings is not the same as innocence.
This must be said clearly. If guilt were only what a person felt, then the one who lacks guilt feelings would always be able to acquit himself. The cold, the manipulative, the self-righteous, or the morally blunted would then stand stronger than the sensitive. The one who feels too much would carry the heaviest burden. The one who feels too little would go free.
Guilt cannot be understood in this way.
Guilt is not primarily about the intensity of an inner feeling. Guilt is about action, responsibility, power, and consequence. What happened? Who acted? Who was harmed? Who had the possibility of doing something else? Who had a duty to understand? Who had responsibility to stop, protect, speak up, or act differently?
The guilty person who feels no guilt may still be guilty because the action remains.
What was done does not disappear because the perpetrator feels nothing. The other person was still harmed. The words were spoken. The blow was struck. Silence was chosen. The lie was told. The child was not protected. The vulnerable person was not seen. Responsibility was shifted onto someone else.
The truth of guilt cannot be left to the emotional life of the guilty person alone.
In Paul Leer-Salvesen’s work on guilt and punishment, this distinction becomes important. Guilt and guilt feelings must not be confused. Guilt feelings may be absent where guilt exists, and guilt feelings may exist where guilt is absent. Therefore, we need ethical interpretation. We need language, judgment, and discernment. We need the ability to distinguish between what a person feels and what a person has actually done.
The guilty person who feels no guilt may lack guilt feelings for many reasons.
Some lack empathy. They do not see the other person from within. They do not perceive harm as harm unless it affects themselves. Others have learned over a long period of time to defend themselves against guilt. They have built a language that always moves responsibility away: to the situation, to the system, to childhood, to intoxication, to pressure, to the victim, to the “misunderstanding.”
Some people do not lack conscience, but have learned to silence it.
Perhaps they know somewhere that something was wrong, but they dare not approach it. Guilt is too threatening. It would change their self-image. It would demand acknowledgement. It would open a story they do not want to live with. Therefore guilt must be kept away. It must be wrapped in explanations.
“I did the best I could.”
“It was not that serious.”
“It was a different time.”
“She could have spoken up.”
“He provoked me.”
“Everyone knew how things were.”
“I was only following the rules.”
In this way, language can become a shield against guilt.
Explanations are not always excuses. That is important. Human beings act within life histories, cultures, institutions, and pressure. Understanding the background of an action may be necessary. But understanding becomes dangerous when it is used to dissolve responsibility. It is possible to explain why a person acted as he did without acquitting the action.
A human being is more than the causes that shaped him.
This is crucial in practical philosophy. We must be able to see a person’s background without taking responsibility away from him. We must be able to understand without excusing. We must be able to acknowledge complexity without making everything unclear.
The guilty person who feels no guilt does not exist only in dramatic individual cases. He is also found in everyday life. He is found in the family, in the workplace, in the profession, in politics, in the institution. He is found where people become accustomed to others paying the price for their actions. He is found where power makes the other person small.
Power can weaken guilt feelings.
The person who has power can more easily define the situation. He can call the violation upbringing, leadership, treatment, discipline, loyalty, or necessity. He can make his own position the measure of reality. The one who protests becomes difficult, weak, disloyal, hysterical, or ungrateful.
In this way, guilt can be hidden in language that sounds reasonable.
In professional contexts, this is especially serious. The professional often has more language, more power, and more authority to define the situation than the person seeking help. A teacher can overlook a student. A therapist can cross a boundary. A social worker can pressure a family. A leader can crush an employee through administrative formulations. An institution can inflict harm on people and still describe it as procedure.
When guilt becomes institutional, it can become harder to see.
No one feels guilty, because everyone only did their part. No one had the whole responsibility, because responsibility was distributed. No one wanted evil, and yet a human being was harmed. The case was processed. The decision was made. The routine was followed. But at the same time, a human life was narrowed, violated, or damaged.
Here Hannah Arendt’s reflections on responsibility and evil become important, not because all guilt is evil on a grand scale, but because she shows how human beings can participate in wrongdoing without thinking sufficiently about what they are doing. The moral danger does not always lie in hatred. It can also lie in thoughtlessness, obedience, the desire to fit in, in the will to do one’s job without asking the decisive question: What are we now doing to this human being?
The guilty person who feels no guilt may therefore also be the dutiful person.
That is an uncomfortable thought. We like to think that guilty people look like guilty people. But often they do not. They may be polite, orderly, efficient, and socially well-functioning. They may have good intentions. They may believe that they are simply doing what is necessary. They may be convinced of their own moral decency.
This does not necessarily make the harm any less real.
In encounters with guilt, we must therefore be careful not to treat emotional expression as proof. Some people cry easily and take responsibility poorly. Others do not cry, but nevertheless acknowledge what they have done. The absence of visible remorse is not always the absence of responsibility. But the absence of guilt feelings becomes a serious problem when it prevents truth, responsibility, and repair.
The person who feels no guilt can become dangerous to the one who was harmed.
Not necessarily because he wants to harm again, but because he denies the other person’s reality. When the guilty person does not acknowledge guilt, the harmed person often has to carry both the injury and the doubt. Did it really happen? Was it that serious? Am I exaggerating? Am I the difficult one? In this way, the guilty person’s lack of guilt feeling can prolong the violation.
Unacknowledged guilt often becomes a new violation.
It says to the other person: Your experience does not count. Your pain is exaggerated. Your story is not valid. I retain the right to define what happened.
That is why acknowledgement is so important. Not only for the guilty person, but for the one who was harmed. When someone says, “I did this,” something happens to reality. Then the harmed person’s experience is confirmed. Responsibility is moved back to where it belongs. Truth becomes less lonely.
But what do we do when the guilty person refuses to acknowledge guilt?
There is no simple answer. Genuine guilt feelings cannot be forced. An apology can be forced, but not remorse. One can make someone say the right words, but not necessarily make him understand the other person. Still, society, the profession, the family, or the community can maintain responsibility even when guilt feelings are absent.
This is the task of law, ethics, and community.
The court does not ask only whether the accused feels guilt. It asks about the action, responsibility, and evidence. Ethics does not ask only whether a person has a bad conscience. It asks what was right and wrong. The community must sometimes say: Even if you feel no guilt, this was your responsibility.
In this way, moral reality is protected against the self-image of the guilty person.
But the guilty person also needs the truth. This may sound strange. The guilty person who feels no guilt may appear strong. But a human being who cannot acknowledge guilt also lives in a form of captivity. He must constantly defend himself against reality. He must keep the other person at a distance. He must make language hard. He must prevent the face of the harmed person from becoming significant.
To acknowledge guilt is painful, but it can also be liberating.
Not because the guilt disappears. Not because everything can be forgiven. Not because the one who was harmed owes the guilty person reconciliation. But because truth opens a different space than defense. It makes it possible to say: This was mine. I should not have done this. The other person was harmed. I must live differently from now on.
Without such acknowledgement, the human being remains in an immature form of innocence.
The child may say: It was not me. The adult must be able to say: It was me.
There is a great difference.
Maturity does not consist in being without guilt. No human being lives without hurting, failing, or neglecting others. Maturity consists rather in being able to endure the truth about oneself without breaking apart, without fleeing, and without making the other person responsible for what one has done.
Therefore we must distinguish between guilt that destroys and guilt that makes responsibility possible.
False guilt must be lifted from the one who is not guilty. True guilt must be carried by the one who actually bears responsibility. But to carry guilt does not mean being reduced to guilt. A human being can have done something wrong without the whole human being being identical with the wrong. Precisely for this reason, acknowledgement is possible. If a person were only his worst action, there would be no way forward.
But a way forward does not begin with denial.
It begins with truth.
This is what the guilty person who feels no guilt has not yet understood. He may believe that guilt will destroy him. Therefore he must push it away. But guilt that is not acknowledged does not disappear. It remains in relationships, in silence, in the pain of others, in broken trust, in repetitions, and in a language that must constantly defend itself.
Guilt that is not acknowledged often becomes more active than guilt that is acknowledged.
It continues to work beneath the surface.
That is why guilt feeling, when it speaks truthfully, can be a moral gift. It awakens the human being. It says: Stop. Look. The other person was harmed. You must not continue as if nothing has happened. But where this feeling is absent, other forms of ethical awareness must step in: truth, confrontation, accountability, justice, professional judgment, and clear language.
The guilty person who feels no guilt must not be allowed to have the final word about guilt.
For guilt is not only about him. It is also about the other person. About the face that was harmed. About the child who was not protected. About the human being who was not heard. About the vulnerable person who was pressured. About the trust that was broken.
Guilt is not only a private feeling. It is a moral relation.
Therefore the guilty person alone cannot decide whether guilt exists.
The decisive question is not: Do I feel guilt?
The decisive question is: What did I do to the other?
And perhaps even more demanding:
What do I refuse to see, because seeing it would make me guilty?
References
Arendt, H. (2003). Responsibility and judgment (J. Kohn, Ed.). Schocken Books.
Arendt, H. (2006). Eichmann in Jerusalem: A report on the banality of evil. Penguin Books. (Original work published 1963)
Baumeister, R. F., Stillwell, A. M., & Heatherton, T. F. (1994). Guilt: An interpersonal approach. Psychological Bulletin, 115(2), 243–267. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.115.2.243
Leer-Salvesen, P. (1991). Menneske og straff: En refleksjon om skyld og straff som et bidrag til arbeidet med straffens etikk. Universitetsforlaget.
Guilt is not only a private feeling. It is a moral relation.