Guilt and Shame – Between the Other and Myself
Why Did Buber and Jung Both Call Guilt Existential?
For a long time, I have wondered why Martin Buber describes guilt as existential.
We usually associate guilt with morality or law. We do something wrong, and therefore we feel guilty. But for Buber, this is only the beginning. Genuine guilt arises when something fundamental in our way of being human is broken. Not merely a rule, but a relationship.
Guilt is existential because it concerns existence itself.
Then another thought occurred to me.
Could Carl Gustav Jung also be speaking of an existential form of guilt?
Not because we have failed another person, but because we have failed ourselves.
For Jung, a profound unrest emerges when we live too far from our own center. We repress our shadow, hide our vulnerability, adapt to the expectations of others, and gradually lose contact with the person we are becoming. Individuation is the lifelong journey toward recovering that wholeness.
Guilt, then, is not primarily a moral experience.
It is the experience of living divided.
With Buber, guilt moves between people.
With Jung, it moves within the person.
One asks:
What have you done to the other?
The other asks:
What have you done to yourself?
At first, I thought these were two completely different understandings of guilt.
Now I am no longer so sure.
Perhaps they are speaking about the same reality from different directions.
Perhaps guilt arises whenever we betray a relationship that is essential to our existence.
For Buber, this relationship is directed outward. I become myself in meeting a Thou. When I fail that meeting, it is not only the other who is diminished; I, too, become less fully human.
For Jung, the relationship is directed inward. I cannot become whole by denying parts of myself. Here, too, I become less fully human.
The direction is different.
One moves toward the other.
The other moves toward the Self.
Yet both point toward the same insight: human beings cannot live truthfully when they lose the relationships that make life real.
This is why shame, for both thinkers, becomes more than an emotion.
In Buber's thought, shame may be understood as the moment when I realize that I did not meet the other as a Thou. I reduced a person to an It. Shame is the pain of a broken dialogue.
For Jung, shame takes on a different meaning. It appears when I discover that I have lived behind a mask for so long that I no longer recognize my own face. Shame is not merely a sign of weakness. It is a quiet invitation to return home to the person I might yet become.
I do not think these two perspectives exclude one another.
Quite the contrary.
What does it help to meet another person if I never dare to meet myself?
And what does it help to discover myself if I never truly encounter another?
Perhaps a human being becomes whole only when both movements are allowed to unfold.
This is why I find Buber and Jung to be companions rather than opponents.
Buber reminds us that we become human through dialogue.
Jung reminds us that dialogue must also be carried on within ourselves.
Perhaps guilt and shame are existential precisely because they safeguard both of these relationships.
They remind us that life is always lived in the tension between two movements:
toward the other,
and toward ourselves.
Perhaps we become fully human only when we can meet the other as a Thou—and ourselves without turning our gaze away.
This essay was written in a conversation with OpenAI/ChatGPT, which also made the illustration